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Pseudoscientific approach to advice, personal development, and psychotherapy

Neuro-linguistic programming
MeSH D020557

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Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a pseudoscientific arroyo to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in California, United states, in the 1970s. NLP's creators claim in that location is a connection between neurological processes (neuro-), linguistic communication (linguistic) and behavioral patterns learned through experience (programming), and that these can exist changed to achieve specific goals in life.[1] [ii] : 2 Bandler and Grinder also merits that NLP methodology can "model" the skills of exceptional people, allowing anyone to acquire those skills.[three] : 5–half-dozen [4] They claim likewise that, frequently in a unmarried session, NLP can care for problems such as phobias, low, tic disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, nearly-sightedness,[five] allergy, the common cold,[Note 1] and learning disorders.[seven] [8] NLP has been adopted by some hypnotherapists and also by companies that run seminars marketed as leadership grooming to businesses and regime agencies.[nine] [10]

There is no scientific evidence supporting the claims fabricated by NLP advocates, and it has been discredited equally a pseudoscience.[11] [12] [13] Scientific reviews country that NLP is based on outdated metaphors of how the encephalon works that are inconsistent with current neurological theory and comprise numerous factual errors.[10] [xiv] Reviews likewise found that all[ dubious – discuss ] of the supportive research on NLP contained significant methodological flaws and that there were three times as many studies of a much higher quality that failed to reproduce the "boggling claims" fabricated by Bandler, Grinder, and other NLP practitioners.[12] [13]

Early development

Co-ordinate to Bandler and Grinder, NLP comprises a methodology termed modeling, plus a set of techniques that they derived from its initial applications.[3] : half dozen [15] Of such methods that are considered fundamental, they derived many from the piece of work of Virginia Satir, Milton Erickson and Fritz Perls.[16] : 8

Bandler and Grinder besides drew upon the theories of Gregory Bateson, Alfred Korzybski and Noam Chomsky (particularly transformational grammar),[3] : 6 [17] [eighteen] equally well as ideas and techniques from Carlos Castaneda.[nineteen] :41

Bandler and Grinder merits that their methodology tin can codify the structure inherent to the therapeutic "magic" equally performed in therapy past Perls, Satir and Erickson, and indeed inherent to any complex homo activity, and and then from that codification, the structure and its action can be learned by others. Their 1975 book, The Structure of Magic I: A Volume about Language and Therapy, is intended to be a codification of the therapeutic techniques of Perls and Satir.[3] : vi

Bandler and Grinder say that they used their own process of modeling to model Virginia Satir then they could produce what they termed the Meta-Model, a model for gathering information and challenging a client's language and underlying thinking.[3] : half-dozen [20] They claim that past challenging linguistic distortions, specifying generalizations, and recovering deleted information in the client's statements, the transformational grammer concepts of surface construction yield a more consummate representation of the underlying deep structure and therefore accept therapeutic do good.[21] [22] As well derived from Satir were anchoring, hereafter pacing and representational systems.[23]

In contrast, the Milton-Model—a model of the purportedly hypnotic language of Milton Erickson—was described by Bandler and Grinder every bit "artfully vague" and metaphoric.[6] : 240 The Milton-Model is used in combination with the Meta-Model as a softener, to induce "trance" and to deliver indirect therapeutic suggestion.[24]

Psychologist Jean Mercer writes that Chomsky's theories "announced to be irrelevant" to NLP.[25] Linguist Karen Stollznow describes Bandler's and Grinder'south reference to such experts equally namedropping. Other than Satir, the people they cite every bit influences did not collaborate with Bandler or Grinder. Chomsky himself has no clan with NLP whatsoever; his original work was intended as theory, not therapy. Stollznow writes, "[o]ther than borrowing terminology, NLP does not carry accurate resemblance to any of Chomsky's theories or philosophies—linguistic, cognitive or political."[17]

Co-ordinate to André Muller Weitzenhoffer, a researcher in the field of hypnosis, "the major weakness of Bandler and Grinder'south linguistic analysis is that so much of it is built upon untested hypotheses and is supported by totally inadequate information."[26] : 304 Weitzenhoffer adds that Bandler and Grinder misuse formal logic and mathematics,[26] : 300–1 redefine or misunderstand terms from the linguistics lexicon (e.g., nominalization),[26] :304-five create a scientific façade by needlessly complicating Ericksonian concepts with unfounded claims,[26] :307 brand factual errors,[26] :306 and condone or confuse concepts central to the Ericksonian approach.[26] :306

More than recently (circa 1997), Bandler has claimed, "NLP is based on finding out what works and formalizing it. In order to formalize patterns I utilized everything from linguistics to holography...The models that constitute NLP are all formal models based on mathematical, logical principles such as predicate calculus and the mathematical equations underlying holography."[27] Nevertheless, there is no mention of the mathematics of holography nor of holography in general in McClendon's,[19] Spitzer'south,[23] or Grinder'south[28] account of the development of NLP.

On the matter of the evolution of NLP, Grinder recollects:[29]

My memories nigh what nosotros thought at the fourth dimension of discovery (with respect to the classic code we developed—that is, the years 1973 through 1978) are that we were quite explicit that we were out to overthrow a image and that, for example, I, for 1, establish it very useful to plan this entrada using in function equally a guide the fantabulous work of Thomas Kuhn (The Construction of Scientific Revolutions) in which he detailed some of the conditions which historically have obtained in the midst of epitome shifts. For example, I believe it was very useful that neither one of us were qualified in the field we outset went later—psychology and in particular, its therapeutic application; this being one of the weather condition which Kuhn identified in his historical study of epitome shifts.

The philosopher Robert Todd Carroll responded that Grinder has non understood Kuhn'southward text on the history and philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Carroll replies: (a) individual scientists never have nor are they always able to create paradigm shifts volitionally and Kuhn does non suggest otherwise; (b) Kuhn's text does not contain the thought that beingness unqualified in a field of science is a prerequisite to producing a effect that necessitates a image shift in that field and (c) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is foremost a work of history and not an instructive text on creating paradigm shifts and such a text is non possible—extraordinary discovery is non a formulaic procedure. Carroll explains that a paradigm shift is not a planned activity, rather it is an upshot of scientific effort within the current (ascendant) paradigm that produces information that can't exist adequately accounted for within the current prototype—hence a paradigm shift, i.e. the adoption of a new epitome.

In developing NLP, Bandler and Grinder were not responding to a paradigmatic crisis in psychology nor did they produce whatever information that caused a paradigmatic crunch in psychology. There is no sense in which Bandler and Grinder acquired or participated in a epitome shift. "What did Grinder and Bandler do that makes it incommunicable to continue doing psychology...without accepting their ideas? Nothing," argues Carroll.[30]

Commercialization and evaluation

Past the tardily 1970s, the human potential movement had developed into an manufacture and provided a market place for some NLP ideas. At the center of this growth was the Esalen Establish at Large Sur, California. Perls had led numerous Gestalt therapy seminars at Esalen. Satir was an early on leader and Bateson was a guest teacher. Bandler and Grinder claimed that in addition to being a therapeutic method, NLP was also a report of communication and began marketing it as a business tool, challenge that, "if whatever human beingness tin can do annihilation, so can you lot."[20] Later on 150 students paid $one,000 each for a ten-day workshop in Santa Cruz, California, Bandler and Grinder gave up bookish writing and produced pop books from seminar transcripts, such as Frogs into Princes, which sold more than 270,000 copies. According to court documents relating to an intellectual belongings dispute between Bandler and Grinder, Bandler made more $800,000 in 1980 from workshop and book sales.[20]

A community of psychotherapists and students began to form around Bandler and Grinder's initial works, leading to the growth and spread of NLP as a theory and exercise. For example, Tony Robbins trained with Grinder and utilized a few ideas from NLP as part of his own cocky-help and motivational speaking programmes.[32] Bandler led several unsuccessful efforts to exclude other parties from using NLP.[33] Meanwhile, the rising number of practitioners and theorists led NLP to become even less compatible than it was at its foundation.[17] Prior to the decline of NLP, scientific researchers began testing its theoretical underpinnings empirically, with research indicating a lack of empirical support for NLP's essential theories.[13] The 1990s were characterized by fewer scientific studies evaluating the methods of NLP than the previous decade. Tomasz Witkowski attributes this to a declining interest in the debate as the issue of a lack of empirical support for NLP from its proponents.[13]

Main components and core concepts

NLP tin exist understood in terms of iii broad components and the central concepts pertaining to those:

  • Subjectivity. According to Bandler and Grinder:
    • Nosotros experience the globe subjectively thus we create subjective representations of our experience. These subjective representations of experience are constituted in terms of 5 senses and language. That is to say our subjective witting feel is in terms of the traditional senses of vision, audition, tactition, olfaction and gustation such that when we—for instance—rehearse an activity "in our heads", recall an event or anticipate the time to come nosotros will "see" images, "hear" sounds, "gustatory modality" flavours, "feel" tactile sensations, "olfactory property" odours and call up in some (natural) language.[34] [ii] :thirteen–fourteen Furthermore it is claimed that these subjective representations of experience have a discernible structure, a pattern. It is in this sense that NLP is sometimes defined as the study of the construction of subjective experience.[2] : vii
    • Behavior can be described and understood in terms of these sense-based subjective representations. Behavior is broadly conceived to include verbal and non-exact communication, incompetent, maladaptive or "pathological" behavior as well as effective or skillful behavior.[2] :36 [35]
    • Behavior (in self and others) can be modified by manipulating these sense-based subjective representations.[36] :89–93 [36] :93–95 [24] : 240–50 [16] : 5–78 [36] :39–40 [2] :seven
  • Consciousness. NLP is predicated on the notion that consciousness is bifurcated into a conscious component and an unconscious component. Those subjective representations that occur outside of an individual's awareness incorporate what is referred to every bit the "unconscious heed".[2] :77–80
  • Learning. NLP utilizes an imitative method of learning—termed modeling—that is claimed to exist able to formulate and reproduce an exemplar's expertise in any domain of activeness. An important part of the codification process is a description of the sequence of the sensory/linguistic representations of the subjective experience of the exemplar during execution of the expertise.[16] : 7,9,ten,36,123 [3] : six [two] : 35, 78 [37]

Techniques or set of practices

An "eye accessing cue chart" as it appears as an instance in Bandler & Grinder's Frogs into Princes (1979). The 6 directions represent "visual construct", "visual call back", "auditory construct", "auditory recall", "kinesthetic" and "auditory internal dialogue".

According to one study by Steinbach,[38] a classic interaction in NLP can be understood in terms of several major stages including establishing rapport, gleaning data about a trouble mental state and desired goals, using specific tools and techniques to make interventions, and integrating proposed changes into the client's life. The entire process is guided by the non-verbal responses of the customer.[38] The get-go is the deed of establishing and maintaining rapport between the practitioner and the client which is achieved through pacing and leading the verbal (e.thou., sensory predicates and keywords) and not-verbal behavior (e.g., matching and mirroring non-exact behavior, or responding to eye movements) of the client.[xvi] : 8, 15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149

Once rapport is established, the practitioner may gather information (e.g., using the Meta-Model questions) virtually the customer's present state as well as help the client define a desired land or goal for the interaction. The practitioner pays detail attending to the verbal and non-verbal responses every bit the client defines the present land and desired state and whatsoever "resource" that may exist required to span the gap.[38] The client is typically encouraged to consider the consequences of the desired outcome, and how they may bear on his or her personal or professional life and relationships, taking into business relationship any positive intentions of any bug that may arise (i.eastward. ecological bank check).[38] Fourth, the practitioner assists the client in achieving the desired outcomes by using sure tools and techniques to change internal representations and responses to stimuli in the world.[39] [40] Finally, the changes are "future paced" by helping the client to mentally rehearse and integrate the changes into his or her life.[38] For example, the client may be asked to "step into the future" and represent (mentally see, hear and feel) what it is similar having already achieved the upshot.

According to Stollznow, "NLP also involves fringe soapbox assay and "practical" guidelines for "improved" communication. For example, 1 text asserts "when you adopt the "but" word, people will remember what yous said afterwards. With the "and" word, people remember what you said before and after."[17]

Applications

Alternative medicine

NLP has been promoted with claims information technology can be used to treat a variety of diseases including Parkinson's affliction, HIV/AIDS and cancer.[41] Such claims have no supporting medical evidence.[41] People who use NLP equally a class of treatment gamble serious agin health consequences as it can filibuster the provision of effective medical care.[41]

Psychotherapeutic

Early books almost NLP had a psychotherapeutic focus given that the early models were psychotherapists. As an approach to psychotherapy, NLP shares like cadre assumptions and foundations in common with some contemporary brief and systemic practices,[42] [43] [44] such equally solution focused brief therapy.[45] [46] NLP has besides been best-selling as having influenced these practices[44] [47] with its reframing techniques[48] [49] which seeks to attain behavior change by shifting its context or meaning,[50] for example, by finding the positive connotation of a thought or behavior.

The two principal therapeutic uses of NLP are, firstly, as an adjunct by therapists[51] practicing in other therapeutic disciplines and, secondly, as a specific therapy called Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy.[52]

According to Stollznow, "Bandler and Grinder's infamous Frogs into Princes and their other books boast that NLP is a cure-all that treats a broad range of physical and mental weather and learning difficulties, including epilepsy, myopia and dyslexia. With its promises to cure schizophrenia, low and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and its dismissal of psychiatric illnesses as psychosomatic, NLP shares similarities with Scientology and the Citizens Commission on Homo Rights (CCHR)."[17] A systematic review of experimental studies by Sturt et al (2012) ended that "at that place is little evidence that NLP interventions improve wellness-related outcomes."[53] In his review of NLP, Stephen Briers writes, "NLP is not really a cohesive therapy but a ragbag of different techniques without a especially articulate theoretical ground...[and its] evidence base is virtually non-existent."[54] Eisner writes, "NLP appears to be a superficial and gimmicky approach to dealing with mental health problems. Unfortunately, NLP appears to be the start in a long line of mass marketing seminars that purport to almost cure any mental disorder...it appears that NLP has no empirical or scientific back up equally to the underlying tenets of its theory or clinical effectiveness. What remains is a mass-marketed serving of psychopablum."[55]

André Muller Weitzenhoffer—a friend and peer of Milton Erickson—wrote, "Has NLP really abstracted and explicated the essence of successful therapy and provided anybody with the means to be another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson?...[NLP's] failure to do this is evident because today there is no multitude of their equals, non fifty-fifty another Whittaker, Virginia Satir, or Erickson. X years should take been sufficient fourth dimension for this to happen. In this light, I cannot take NLP seriously...[NLP's] contributions to our understanding and use of Ericksonian techniques are equally dubious. Patterns I and Ii are poorly written works that were an overambitious, pretentious effort to reduce hypnotism to a magic of words."[26] : 305

Clinical psychologist Stephen Briers questions the value of the NLP saying—a presupposition in NLP jargon—"there is no failure, only feedback".[56] Briers argues that the denial of the existence of failure diminishes its instructive value. He offers Walt Disney, Isaac Newton and J.K. Rowling as three examples of unambiguous acknowledged personal failure that served as an impetus to great success. Co-ordinate to Briers, it was "the crash-and-burn type of failure, not the sanitised NLP Failure Low-cal, i.eastward. the failure-that-isn't really-failure sort of failure" that propelled these individuals to success. Briers contends that adherence to the proverb leads to self-deprecation. According to Briers, personal attempt is a product of invested values and aspirations and the dismissal of personally significant failure as mere feedback effectively denigrates what one values. Briers writes, "Sometimes we need to take and mourn the death of our dreams, not just casually dismiss them as inconsequential." Briers likewise contends that the NLP maxim is egotistic, self-centered and divorced from notions of moral responsibility.[57]

Other uses

Although the original core techniques of NLP were therapeutic in orientation their generic nature enabled them to be applied to other fields. These applications include persuasion,[33] sales,[58] negotiation,[59] direction training,[lx] sports,[61] instruction, coaching, team building, public speaking, and in the process of hiring employees.[62]

Scientific criticism

In the early 1980s, NLP was advertised as an important advance in psychotherapy and counseling, and attracted some interest in counseling research and clinical psychology. Withal, equally controlled trials failed to show whatsoever benefit from NLP and its advocates made increasingly dubious claims, scientific interest in NLP faded.[63] [64]

Numerous literature reviews and meta-analyses have failed to show bear witness for NLP's assumptions or effectiveness as a therapeutic method.[Note two] While some NLP practitioners have argued that the lack of empirical support is due to insufficient research which tests NLP,[Note 3] the consensus scientific opinion is that NLP is pseudoscience[Note 4] [Note v] and that attempts to dismiss the research findings based on these arguments "[constitute]southward an admission that NLP does not have an show base of operations and that NLP practitioners are seeking a post-hoc credibility."[81] [82]

Surveys in the academic community take shown NLP to exist widely discredited amidst scientists.[Notation half dozen] Among the reasons for considering NLP a pseudoscience are that prove in favor of information technology is limited to anecdotes and personal testimony,[22] [86] that it is not informed by scientific understanding of neuroscience and linguistics,[22] [87] and that the proper name "neuro-linguistic programming" uses jargon words to impress readers and obfuscate ideas, whereas NLP itself does non relate any phenomena to neural structures and has nothing in mutual with linguistics or programming.[13] [88] [89] [71] [Note 7] In fact, in education, NLP has been used equally a primal instance of pseudoscience.[77] [78] [79]

As a quasi-religion

Sociologists and anthropologists—amid others—have categorized NLP as a quasi-religion belonging to the New Age and/or Human Potential Movements.[91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] Medical anthropologist Jean Thousand. Langford categorizes NLP as a form of folk magic; that is to say, a practice with symbolic efficacy—every bit opposed to physical efficacy—that is able to upshot change through nonspecific furnishings (e.grand., placebo). To Langford, NLP is akin to a syncretic folk religion "that attempts to midweek the magic of folk practice to the science of professional medicine".[101] Bandler and Grinder were and proceed to exist[102] [103]) influenced by the shamanism described in the books of Carlos Castaneda. Several ideas and techniques have been borrowed from Castaneda and incorporated into NLP including then-called "double induction"[xix] :41 and the notion of "stopping the world"[104] which is central to NLP modeling. Tye (1994)[86] characterizes NLP as a blazon of "psycho shamanism". Fanthorpe and Fanthorpe (2008)[105] see a similarity between the mimetic procedure and intent of NLP modeling and aspects of ritual in some syncretic religions. Hunt (2003)[91] draws a comparing between the concern with lineage from an NLP guru—which is evident amongst some NLP proponents—and the business organisation with guru lineage in some Eastern religions.

In Aupers and Houtman (2010)[95] Bovbjerg identifies NLP as a New Age "psycho-faith" and uses NLP every bit a case-study to demonstrate the thesis that the New Age psycho-religions such as NLP are predicated on an instrinsically religious idea, namely concern with a transcendent "other". In the world'southward monotheistic faiths, argues Bovbjerg, the purpose of religious practise is communion and fellowship with a transcendent "other", i.eastward. a God. With the New Age psycho-religions, argues Bovbjerg, this orientation towards a transcendent "other" persists, but the "other" has go "the other in our selves", the so-called "unconscious": "The private's inner life becomes the intangible focus of [psycho-]religious practices and the subconscious becomes a constituent part of mod individuals' agreement of the Self."[106] Bovbjerg adds, "Courses in personal development would brand no sense without an unconscious that contains hidden resource and hidden cognition of the self."[ citation needed ] Thus psycho-religious practise revolves effectually ideas of the conscious and unconscious cocky and communicating with and accessing the hidden resources of the unconscious self—the transcendent "other". Co-ordinate to Bovbjerg, the notion that nosotros take an unconscious self underlies many NLP techniques either explicitly or implicitly. Bovbjerg argues, "Through particular practices, the [NLP practitioner qua] psycho-religious practitioner expects to attain cocky-perfection in a never-ending transformation of the cocky."[ commendation needed ]

Bovbjerg's secular critique of NLP is echoed in the conservative Christian perspective of the New Age equally represented by Jeremiah (1995)[107] who argues, "The 'transformation' recommended past the founders and leaders of these concern seminars [such as NLP] has spiritual implications that a non-Christian or new believer may non recognise. The conventionalities that human being beings can change themselves by calling upon the power (or god) within or their own infinite man potential is a contradiction of the Christian view. The Bible says man is a sinner and is saved by God's grace alone.[ citation needed ]

Intellectual belongings disputes

By the end of 1980, the collaboration between Bandler and Grinder concluded.[20] On 25 September 1981, Bandler instituted a civil action against Grinder and his visitor, seeking injunctive relief and damages for Grinder'south commercial activeness in relation to NLP. On 29 October 1981, judgement was made in favor of Bandler.[108] As part of a settlement agreement Bandler granted to Grinder a limited 10-year license to bear NLP seminars, offering certification in NLP and utilize the NLP name on the status that royalties from the earnings of the seminars exist paid to Bandler. In July 1996 and January 1997, Bandler instituted a further two civil actions against Grinder and his visitor, numerous other prominent figures in NLP and 200 further initially unnamed persons. Bandler declared that Grinder had violated the terms of the settlement agreement reached in the initial case and had suffered commercial damage as a result of the allegedly illegal commercial activities of the defendants. Bandler sought from each defendant amercement no less than US$ten,000,000.00.[109] [110] In February 2000, the Court found against Bandler, stating that "Bandler has misrepresented to the public, through his licensing agreement and promotional materials, that he is the sectional owner of all intellectual property rights associated with NLP, and maintains the exclusive potency to determine membership in and certification in the Gild of NLP."[111] [112]

On this matter Stollznow (2010)[17] comments, "[i]ronically, Bandler and Grinder feuded in the 1980s over trademark and theory disputes. Tellingly, none of their myriad of NLP models, pillars, and principles helped these founders to resolve their personal and professional conflicts."

In December 1997, Tony Clarkson instituted civil proceedings against Bandler to have Bandler's UK trademark of NLP revoked. The Court found in favor of Clarkson; Bandler's trademark was later on revoked.[113] [114]

By the end of 2000, Bandler and Grinder entered a release where they agreed, amongst other things, that "they are the co-creators and co-founders of the engineering science of Neuro-linguistic Programming" and "mutually agree to refrain from disparaging each other's efforts, in any fashion, concerning their respective involvement in the field of NeuroLinguistic Programming."[115]

As a consequence of these disputes and settlements, the names NLP and Neuro-linguistic Programming are not endemic by any party and there is no restriction on any party offer NLP certification.[116] [117] [118] [119] [120]

Associations, certification, and practitioner standards

The names NLP and Neuro-linguistic Programming are not owned by any person or system, they are not trademarked intellectual property[121] [122] and there is no central regulating potency for NLP pedagogy and certification.[119] [120] There is no brake on who can describe themselves as an NLP Master Practitioner or NLP Master Trainer and in that location are a multitude of certifying associations;[81] this has led Devilly (2005) to draw such training and certifying associations as granfalloons, i.east. proud and meaningless associations of human beings.[63]

There is great variation in the depth and breadth of preparation and standards of practitioners, and some disagreement between those in the field about which patterns are, or are not, actual NLP.[12] [123] NLP is an open field of training with no "official" best exercise. With different authors, individual trainers and practitioners having developed their own methods, concepts and labels, often branding them every bit NLP,[30] the training standards and quality differ greatly.[124] In 2009, a British goggle box presenter was able to register his pet true cat as a fellow member of the British Lath of Neuro Linguistic Programming (BBNLP), which after claimed that information technology existed only to provide benefits to its members and not to certify credentials.[125]

Run across also

  • Emotional freedom technique
  • List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
  • Milton H. Erickson
  • Family systems therapy
  • Frank Farrelly

Notable practitioners

  • Steve Andreas
  • Richard Bandler
  • John Grinder
  • Paul McKenna

Notes

  1. ^ Annotation that, in a seminar, Bandler & Grinder (1981, p. 166) claimed that a single session of NLP combined with hypnosis could eliminate certain eyesight problems such as myopia and cure the mutual cold (op.cit., p. 174)...(Also, op.cit., p. 169) Bandler and Grinder believed that, by combining NLP with hypnotic regression, one not but cured a problem, but became amnesic for the fact that information technology even existed at all. Thus, after a session of "therapy," a smoker denied smoking before, fifty-fifty when family and friends insisted otherwise, becoming unable to business relationship for such evidence as nicotine stains.[6] : 166, 169, 174
  2. ^ Run into, for instance, the following:
    • Sharpley, 1984[65] and 1987[12]
    • Druckman and Swets, 1988[33]
    • Heap, 1988[66]
    • von Bergen et al., 1997[10]
    • Druckman, 2004[14]
    • Witkowski, 2010[13]
  3. ^ Encounter the following:
    • Einspruch and Forman, 1985[67]
    • Murray, 2013[68]
    • Sturt et al., 2012[53]
    • Neuro-Linguistic Programming and Inquiry [69]
    • Tosey and Mathison, 2010[70]
  4. ^ Encounter the post-obit:
    • Witkowsi, 2010[thirteen]
    • The Skeptic's Lexicon, 2009[30]
    • Beyerstein, 1990[71]
    • Corballis, in Della Sala and Anderson, 2012[72]
    • Vocalist and Lalich[73]
    • Lilienfeld, Lynn and Lohr, 2004[74]
    • Della Sala, 2007[75]
    • Williams, 2000[76]
    • Lum, 2001[77]
    • Lilienfeld, Lohr and Morier, 2001[78]
    • Dunn, Halonen and Smith, 2008[79]
    • Molfese, Segalowitz and Harris, 1988[80]
  5. ^ For a description of the social influence tactics used by NLP and similar pseudoscientific therapies, run into Devilly, 2005[63]
  6. ^ In 2006, Norcross and colleagues establish NLP to be given like ratings equally dolphin assisted therapy, equine therapy, psychosynthesis, scared straight programmes, and emotional freedom technique.[83] In 2010, Norcross and colleagues listed information technology as 7th out of their list of x about discredited drug and alcohol interventions.[84] Glasner-Edwards and colleagues as well identified information technology every bit discredited in 2010.[85]
  7. ^ For more information on the utilize of neuroscience terms to lend the appearance of credibility to arguments, meet Weisburg et al., 2008[90]

References

  1. ^ Tosey, Paul; Mathison, Jane. "Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming" (PDF). Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Direction, University of Surrey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d due east f thou Dilts, Robert; Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard; Bandler, Leslie C.; DeLozier, Judith (1980). Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume I The Written report of the Construction of Subjective Experience (Express ed.). California: Meta Publications. ISBN978-0-916990-07-vii.
  3. ^ a b c d east f Bandler, Richard; Grinder, John (1975). The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy. Science and Behavior Books Inc. ISBN978-0-8314-0044-6.
  4. ^ Bandler, Richard (1993). Time for a Change . Meta Pubns. p. vii. ISBN978-0-916990-28-2. In unmarried sessions, they can accelerate learning, neutralize phobias, enhance creativity, meliorate relationships, eliminate allergies, and lead firewalks without roasting toes. NLP achieves the goal of its inception. We accept ways to do what only a genius could take washed a decade ago.
  5. ^ Pickersgill, Gina. "Dr Richard Bandler on Healing – A Special Interview – by Gina Pickersgill". NLP Life Grooming. The Best You lot Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved viii August 2013.
    GINA: I take seen yous demonstrate a technique that some people refer to as Dr. Bandler'south Beauty treatment? Please tell us about that.
    RICHARD [BANDLER]: Basically what happened is that I noticed that when I hypnotically regress people repeatedly they looked younger. And then I started offset thinking, well isn't there a way to maintain that. I noticed when I hypnotically regressed people to earlier the age of 5, who currently wore glasses, didn't demand them to run across. So I started leaving people's optics young and growing the rest of them up to the nowadays and it would modify the prescription of their glasses radically to the bespeak where they could run across better. And done plenty times, some of them could see without glasses. So I went a little footstep farther, and did a DHE (Design Human Engineering™) treatment where we gear up up a mechanism in the dorsum of their listen that repeatedly age regresses them hypnotically; when they sleep, when they blink, all kinds of things and in a state of fourth dimension distortion. And information technology tin can accept years off the manner people look, information technology also ups their energy level and in some cases the bi product [sic] has been they recovered spontaneously from very serious diseases. Considering they were aged regressed to where before the disease started. At present I cannot prove that but I've seen it enough times that I'm impressed with it.
  6. ^ a b Grinder, John; Bandler, Richard (1981). Connirae Andreas (ed.). Trance-formations: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis . Moab: Existent People Press.
  7. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Car: Bandler, Richard (2008). What is NLP? (Promotional video). NLP Life. Retrieved 1 June 2013. We can reliably get rid of a phobia in 10 minutes – every single fourth dimension.
  8. ^ Grinder, John; Bostic St. Clair, Carmen (2001). "Affiliate 4: Personal Antecedents of NLP". Whispering in the Air current. J & C Enterprises. ISBN978-0-9717223-0-9.
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Bibliography

  • Bandler, R., Grinder, J. (1981), Reframing: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Transformation of Meaning, Real People Press. ISBN 0-911226-25-seven

Further reading

Online articles

  • Bushak, Lecia (22 October 2013). "Neuro-Linguistic Programming, Unregulated Mental Wellness Therapy, May Make Patients Worse, Suicidal". Medical Daily.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 May 2009). "Skeptoid #155: NLP: Neuro-linguistic Programming". Skeptoid.
  • Parlato, Frank (20 January 2019). "The Suicide Pattern of NLP – was it helpful to Nancy Salzman and Keith Raniere?". Artvoice.
  • "Neuro Linguistic Programming: Mental wellness veterans therapy fright". BBC. 22 October 2013.

Books

  • Andreas, Steve & Charles Faulkner (eds.) (1996). NLP: the new technology of achievement. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-688-14619-1.
  • Austin, A. (2007). The Rainbow Machine: Tales from a Neurolinguist's Journal. UK: Existent People Press. ISBN978-0-911226-44-seven.
  • Bandler, R., Andreas, S. (ed.) and Andreas, C. (ed.) (1985), Using Your Brain-for a Alter. ISBN 0-911226-27-3.
  • Bradbury, A (2008). "Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Time for an Informed Review". Skeptical Intelligencer. 11.
  • Burn, Gillian (2005). NLP Purse. Alresford, Hants SO24 9JH, United Kingdom: Management Pocketbooks Ltd. ISBN978-1-903776-31-five. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  • Carroll R. (2003), The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions, p. 253.
  • Dilts, R., Hallbom, Tim, Smith, Suzi (1990), Beliefs: Pathways to Health & Well-existence, Crown Business firm Publishing, ISBN 978-ane-84590-802-7.
  • Dilts, R. (1990), Changing Belief Systems with NLP, Meta Publications. ISBN 978-0-916990-24-four.
  • Ellerton, CMC, Roger (2005). Alive Your Dreams Allow Reality Take hold of Up: NLP and Common Sense for Coaches, Managers and You. Ottawa, Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN978-i-4120-4709-8. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Grinder, J., Bandler, R. (1976), Patterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson Book I. ISBN 0-916990-01-X.
  • Grinder, One thousand., Lori Stephens (ed.) (1991), Righting the Educational Conveyor Chugalug. ISBN one-55552-036-vii
  • Genie Z. Laborde, PhD (1987), Influencing with Integrity: Management Skills for Communication and Negotiation.
  • O'Connor, Joseph (2007), Non Pulling Strings: Application of Neuro-Linguistic Programming to Teaching and Learning Music. Kahn & Averill, London ISBN 1-871082-90-0
  • Satir, V., Grinder, J., Bandler, R. (1976), Changing with Families: A Volume near Further Educational activity for Being Human, Science and Beliefs Books. ISBN 0-8314-0051-10
  • Wake, Lisa (2008). Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy: A Postmodern Perspective. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42541-4.

Journal articles

  • Platt, Garry (2001). "NLP – Neuro Linguistic Programming or No Longer Plausible?". Training Journal. May. 2001: x–xv.
  • Morgan, Dylan A (1993). "Scientific Assessment of NLP". Periodical of the National Council for Psychotherapy & Hypnotherapy Register. Spring. 1993.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-linguistic_programming

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